Back Phobie de type sang-injection-blessure French Qon-inʼektsiya-shikastlanish fobiyasi Uzbek

Blood-injection-injury type phobia

Blood-injection-injury type phobia
Other namesBII

Blood-injection-injury (BII) type phobia is a type of specific phobia[1][2] characterized by the display of excessive, irrational fear in response to the sight of blood, injury, or injection, or in anticipation of an injection, injury, or exposure to blood.[3] Blood-like stimuli (paint, ketchup) may also cause a reaction.[4] This is a common phobia with an estimated 3-4% prevalence in the general population,[3] though it has been found to occur more often in younger[1][4] and less educated groups.[4] Prevalence of fear of needles which does not meet the BII phobia criteria is higher.[5] A proper name for BII has yet to be created.

When exposed to phobic triggers, those with the phobia often experience a two-phase response:[6] an initial increase in heart rate and blood pressure, followed quickly by bradycardia (decreased heart rate) and hypotension (decreased blood pressure).[6][4][3][1] This diminishes cerebral blood supply, and will often result in a fainting response.[6] In an individual with BII phobia, expression of these or similar phobic symptoms in response to blood, injection, or injury typically begins before the age of ten.[1] Many who have the phobia will take steps to actively avoid exposure to triggers.[3] This can lead to health issues in phobic individuals as a result of avoidance of hospitals, doctors’ appointments, blood tests, and vaccinations, or of necessary self-injections in those with diabetes[6][3] and multiple sclerosis (MS).[7] Due to frequent avoidance of phobic triggers, BII phobics' personal and professional lives may be limited. Some may feel that their phobia precludes them from joining a healthcare profession, or from getting pregnant.[4] The phobia is also able to affect the health of those who don't have it; a BII-phobic, for instance, may have difficulty providing aid to someone else in an emergency situation in which blood is present.[4]

Causes of BII phobia have yet to be fully understood. There is a body of evidence which suggests the phobia has genetic underpinnings, though many phobics also cite a traumatic life event as a cause of their fear.[1] The fainting response accompanying the phobia may have originated as an adaptive evolutionary mechanism.[8][9]

Applied tension (AT), a method in which individuals alternately tense and relax their muscles while being exposed to a phobic trigger, is widely recognized as an effective form of treatment for BII phobia. While AT is generally the default treatment suggestion, methods of applied relaxation (AR) and exposure-only cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have been found to be effective in diminishing phobic response in some instances.[6] Certain other strategies can be employed to temporarily alleviate symptoms associated with phobic response, such as coughing to increase cranial blood flow.[8] The acute symptoms associated with an episode of triggering are often fully resolved within a few minutes of stimuli removal.[4]

BII phobia does bear some similarity to other phobic disorders: specifically, dental phobia (commonly considered a sub-type of BII phobia) and hemophobia.[1] In each of these phobias, a biphasic fainting response is a common reaction to a trigger.[1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g LeBeau, Richard T.; Glenn, Daniel; Liao, Betty; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; Beesdo-Baum, Katja; Ollendick, Thomas; Craske, Michelle G. (2010-01-22). "Specific phobia: a review of DSM-IV specific phobia and preliminary recommendations for DSM-V". Depression and Anxiety. 27 (2): 148–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.590.6020. doi:10.1002/da.20655. ISSN 1520-6394. PMID 20099272. S2CID 16835235.
  2. ^ Barlow, David H.; Ellard, Kristen K. (2018). "Anxiety and Related Disorders". Noba. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  3. ^ a b c d e Wani, Ab Latif; Ara, Anjum; Bhat, Sajad Ahmad (2014). "Blood Injury and Injection Phobia: The Neglected One". Behavioural Neurology. 2014: 471340. doi:10.1155/2014/471340. PMC 4094700. PMID 25049451.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Grossman, Lisa; Walfish, Steven (2014). Translating psychological research into practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0826109439. OCLC 862745589.
  5. ^ Amy Baxter m (11 Jun 2021). "Over half of adults unvaccinated for COVID-19 fear needles – here's what's proven to help". The Conversation.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ayala, Erica S.; Meuret, Alicia E.; Ritz, Thomas (2009-10-01). "Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: A critical review of current evidence". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 43 (15): 1235–1242. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.008. ISSN 0022-3956. PMID 19464700.
  7. ^ Dittmann, Melissa (2005). "When health fears hurt health". Monitor on Psychology. 36: 100.
  8. ^ a b Sanford, John (Spring 2013). "Blood, Sweat and Fears: A Common Phobia's Odd Pathophysiology". Stanford Medicine.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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